Bangkok Post Breaking News
http://www.bangkokpost.com/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=127591

Aid from Thailand reaches Burma, but not victims
May 10, 2008

Geneva (dpa) - The UN refugee agency, UNHCR, said its first trucks had arrived in Burma Saturday from Mae Sot without a problem, carrying 20 tonnes of emergency aid for survivors of the cyclone.

But the Mae Sot area is far from the actual disaster area, and the aid had not reached victims of the storm, nine days ago.

The trucks, with enough emergency material to provide shelter for up to 10,000 people, had crossed over from Thailand at the Friendship Bridge border at Mae Sot. They bore plastic sheets and tents.

"This convoy marks a positive step in an aid effort so far marked by challenges and constraints," said Raymond Hall, UNHCR's Representative in Thailand.

"We hope it opens up a possible corridor to allow more international aid to reach the cyclone victims."

Hall added: "What we are sending in by road is in addition to the supplies we have already procured locally in Yangon and the 100 tons of supplies we started airlifting today from Dubai."

UNHCR has also started airlifting 100 tons of shelter supplies, including 4,500 plastic sheets and 17,000 blankets, from its Dubai stockpile to Yangon early Saturday.

The first 33 tons left on a World Food Programme aircraft with two other flights scheduled for early next week.

The refugee agency is focusing on providing emergency shelter for the cyclone victims in the Irrawaddy delta and parts of Yangon, which were among the worst hit. More than one million people are estimated to have lost their homes after Cyclone Nargis hit last Friday.

UNHCR has already distributed $50,000 worth of shelter items bought locally in the aftermath of the storm.

The lorry convoy is expected to take around two days from the border to Yangon in the south. The supplies, raided by UNHCR from its existing stockpiles normally intended for refugee camps scattered along the Thai-Burmese border, will be distributed by UNHCR staff.

UNHCR negotiated a concession for the border posts to stay open at the weekend to allow the convoys through.

UNHCR launched a $187 million appeal for Burmese Friday which included six million to provide 250,000 cyclone victims with shelter.

In depth: Cyclone Nagris
US Campaign for Burma » News
Cyclone Nargis - Breaking News - The New York Times
Maps: The Aftermath of Cyclone Nargis - The New York Times
Slide Show: Junta Allowing Little Aid After Cyclone - The New York Times
Other links re Cyclone Nagris ...

http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2008/05/08/national/national_30072593.php

FDA warns of cheap and fashionable teeth braces

The Food and Drug Administration has warned that some cheap but fashionable teeth braces popular among youngsters are contaminated with lead, selenium, chromium and arsenic.

If the dangerous substances accumulate in the body, they can cause kidney failure and even death, says Deputy Public Health Minister Chaovarat Chanweerakul. He warns that some braces available outside dental clinics and hospitals are made with substandard materials and can cause an accumulation of toxins.

— Orthodontic braces are such a status symbol in Thailand that some young people who don't need them, or whose families can't afford the real thing, buy and proudly wear these potentially dangerous fakes —

Thai farmers urge commerce minister to explain why rice prices fall

BANGKOK, May 7 (TNA) - The Thai Farmers Association (TFA) has urged Deputy Prime Minister and Commerce Minister Mingkwan Saengsuwan to explain why local rice prices have declined sharply.

TFA president Prasit Boonchoei said farmers nationwide are now unhappy towards the way Mr. Mingkwan has handled rice market questions in the past, and now, they say, the more he talks, the more confused the farmers became.

Farmers would be more than happy if they could sell paddy rice at between Bt12,000-13,000 per tonne but prices have fallen since the government announced that it would release rice from its warehouses and sell to the retail public as packaged rice at a sales price about 20 per cent below the market price, Mr. Prasit said.

The market mechanism is now twisted, Mr. Prasit said, as rice exporters and millers have slowed buying paddy from farmers, causing prices to fall, he said.

"When rice prices rose the government released announcements regularly but when prices fell not a single government agency issued any statement," Mr. Prasit said. "The Commerce Ministry shouldn't speak on rice prices or its directions because farmers would eventually suffer."

Mr. Prasit suggested that the government should indicate clearly at what price it would buy rice from farmers to keep its stockpile at the same level of 2.1 million tonnes after it has decided to withdraw rice and sell it to the public in packaged rice form.

He said farmers were still not confident that the government would buy rice from them at the average price of Bt13,000 per tonne.

The government should also find ways to assist farmers who planned to organise a rally after millers have offered to buy paddy from them at prices which are too low, he added. (TNA)-E111

MCOT News : Thai farmers urge commerce minister to explain why rice prices fall
http://enews.mcot.net/view.php?id=4152



Rice prices said to be easing as purchasing slows down

By Petchanet Pratruangkrai
The Nation
Published on May 7, 2008

The price of 100-per-cent white paddy rice appears to have eased after hitting a record high of between Bt13,000 and Bt14,500 per tonne, traders reported.

Due to tight storage capacity and other factors, the prices started to fall by Bt1,500 to Bt2,000 last week as rice millers and exporters delayed their purchases.

However, traders dismissed the likelihood of further big falls as world demand remained strong and supply from other rice-exporting countries was restricted.

As a result of the weaker domestic price, the export price had also eased, down by between US$60 (Bt1,900) and $80 per tonne last week.

According to the Rice Exporters Association, the export price of 100-per-cent white rice was now $854 per tonne, down from $894.

Pramoth Vanichanont of the Thai Rice Millers Association said yesterday millers had delayed their purchases because of overwhelming stocks.

He believed the price would not fall below Bt10,000 a tonne, adding Cyclone Nargis had damaged Burma's rice crop so there would be higher demand on the world market.

Burma earlier expected to ship 500,000 tonnes of rice this year, up from the annual 300,000 tonnes.

Prasit Boonchuey, president of the Thai Rice Farmers Association, said farmers were satisfied with the current price, despite the drop from between Bt14,500 and Bt15,000 to between Bt11,000 and Bt13,000 a tonne for paddy white rice.

However, farmers would suffer if the price falls below Bt10,000 a tonne. He pointed out the cost of rice production for farmers had surged significantly this year from Bt5,690 to Bt7,000 a tonne because of the rising costs of fertiliser and pesticides.

To ensure lower prices would not hurt farmers, the association had called on the government to set up a price-guarantee programme to ensure the figure would not fall below Bt10,000 a tonne for paddy rice.

Bangkok's Independent Newspaper
http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2008/05/07/national/national_30072426.php

http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/F8259015-8BAC-42F0-ADF5-F3F4A5A9526C.htm

WEDNESDAY, MAY 07, 2008
10:37 MECCA TIME, 7:37 GMT

Cyclone smashes Myanmar 'rice bowl'

The destruction wrought by Cyclone Nargis also threatens to have devastated Myanmar's agricultural heartland, posing concerns over long-term food shortages across an already desperately poor country.

The Irrawaddy delta region, which bore the brunt of the storm, has long been known as the rice-bowl of Myanmar.

But the features that made it so fertile – its low lying geography and its proximity to water - also made it vulnerable to disaster.

In the wake of the storm UN relief officials have reported distribution networks in the region in tatters and large tracts of rice-growing land still under water. Rice plants generally die if they remain submerged for about four days.

"The cyclone certainly complicates matters," said Paul Risley, a spokesman with the UN's World Food Programme in Bangkok.

"It blew through the critical rice-growing areas of the country and it seems the harvest was only partially completed. This could represent a substantial loss to the country's rice output," he said.

According estimated by the Rome-based UN Food and Agriculture Organization the five states hit hardest by the cyclone on Saturday produce 65 per cent of the country's rice.

The region also is home to 80 per cent of its aquaculture, 50 per cent of its poultry and 40 per cent of its pig production, the FAO said.

With as many as a million people directly affected by the catastrophe, rice shortages and possible accompanying public resentment present a major challenge to the country's military government.

With food shortages and rising prices already triggering riots in poor countries, the cyclone's disruption of the harvest in one of Asia's richest rice-growing areas could also have global implications.

Until last weekend, Myanmar had been expected to export a portion of its rice harvest.

Shortfalls could hit Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and other regional neighbours that had been counting on importing Myanmar's rice.

Traders suggest that in the cyclone's wake, world rice prices, already soaring, could be sent higher.

Globally the cost of rice has already nearly tripled since the beginning of the year, busting the budgets of humanitarian agencies that provide emergency food aid to disaster-struck countries.

In depth: Cyclone Nagris
Eyewitness: 'Utter devastation'
Relief work hampered by red tape
Cyclone threatens military's grip
Map: The deadly path of Cyclone Nargis
Satellite photos: Before and after the cyclone
Timeline: Asia's deadliest storms
Video: Toll soars

Thailand drops plan for rice cartel that would have fixed prices

By MICHAEL CASEY, Associated Press Writer
Tuesday, May 6, 2008
(05-06) 06:26 PDT BANGKOK, Thailand (AP) --

Thailand is dropping plans to create a Southeast Asian rice cartel that would have fixed the price of the skyrocketing commodity over food security concerns, the country's foreign minister said Tuesday.

The proposal to create an OPEC-like cartel was first floated last week by Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej to give rice producers greater control over rice prices, which have tripled since December. But the idea was heavily criticized by senators in the Philippines, a major importer, as well as some Thai rice exporters.

"We are not talking about setting up a rice cartel," Foreign Minister Noppadon Pattama said after a meeting with ambassadors from six rice exporting countries in Asia. "If Thailand sets up a rice cartel and fixes a price, that will make matters worse and worsen food security."

Instead, Noppadon said Thailand proposed holding a meeting on rice in the next month or two that would work with top Asian exporters including India, China, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia and Pakistan to improve productivity. He also said exporting countries would discuss sharing of technology, market information and price information.

Noppadon denied that the about face on the cartel had anything to do with concerns about the impact on the Philippines.

"We are sympathetic to all human beings, not just the Filipinos," he said.

Rice prices have tripled this year, with the regional benchmark hitting $1,000 a metric ton for 100 percent Grade B white rice.

The run-up in rice prices has come amid global food inflation, poor weather in some rice-producing nations and demand that has outstripped supply. Some Asian countries, including India and Vietnam, have contributed to the problem by curbing rice exports to guarantee their own supplies.

Supporters say that a rice cartel — tentatively named Organization of Rice Exporting Countries — would ensure farmers benefit from the increasing demand for the staple.

Despite Thailand's reluctance, Cambodia's Information Minister Khieu Kanharith insisted that an association of rice exporting countries could still be useful for avoiding a "price war, which could affect livelihoods of peoples" in the region and beyond.

He said his government will pursue discussion about forming such an association at a meeting of the leaders of five Southeast Asian countries in Vietnam later this year. The five countries — Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and Myanmar — have formed a sub-regional cooperation forum known as Ayeyawady-Chao Phraya-Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy, ACMECS.

Their next meeting is planned to be held in Vietnam in October, Khieu Kanharith said.

But Edgardo Angara, chairman of the Philippine Senate's Committee on Agriculture, has expressed concerns that a small group of producers could control the staple food and price it out of reach for "millions and millions of people."

"It is a bad idea," he said Friday. "It will create an oligopoly and it's against humanity."

Meanwhile, China said it has enough grain to keep food prices steady, amid reports authorities were struggling to prevent the smuggling of rice to overseas markets.

China views basic self-sufficiency in staple grains for its 1.3 billion people to be a national strategic priority, and with grain prices soaring internationally it is moving to ensure domestic supplies and curb exports, the National Development and Reform Commission said in a statement on its Web site.

The comments, published in the form of a question-and-answer session with an unnamed official, emphasized Beijing's ability to keep grain prices stable after four straight years of bumper harvests.

"Our grain supply and demand is basically steady, our reserves are full and we can guarantee the supply and stability of grain prices," the statement said.

It said reserves alone could meet demand for six months. The government is shifting grain from the north to heavily populated southern areas where consumption outstrips production.

Thailand drops plan for rice cartel that would have fixed prices

http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/05/06/international/i021303D65.DTL&feed=rss.business

The Edge Daily
April 16, 2008

BANGKOK: Surging global demand caused Thailand to export 66% more rice in the first quarter of 2008 from the same period last year, Commerce Minister Mingkwan Sangsuwan said on Wednesday.

However, he said the world's number-one rice exporter, whose market share is set to rise due to recent export restrictions imposed by Vietnam and India, would not be raising its overall target for the year of nearly 9 million tonnes.

Mingkwan also reaffirmed that there was no need to release rice from a 2.1 million tonne government stockpile, as another 4.2 million tonnes of milled rice from the country's second annual crop was expected to hit the market this month.

"I'm sure that we will have ample supply for domestic consumption and exports so we don't need to release the stock," he told a news conference.

Between January to March 2008, Thailand exported 3.26 million tonnes, up from 1.96 million tonnes a year earlier, following India and Vietnam's decisions to restrict exports to protect domestic supply.

"That makes us feel confident that we could export up to 9 million, as we aimed earlier," he said.

Thailand exported 9.4 million tonnes of rice in 2007 and expects to sell up to 8.75 million to 9.0 million tonnes in 2008.

With the moves by Vietnam and India, Thailand expects to expand its share of the global rice market to 40% in 2008, from 31% in 2007, Mingkwan said.

Mingkwan said Thailand was looking to work with other rice exporting countries to ensure more price stability, starting with a visit by his Indian counterpart on April 27.

However, traders were sceptical about the success of any talks, given that the "cooperation" has been bandied about as a theme since 2001 without bringing any concrete results.

"In every county, rice is a political commodity that gets leaders into trouble if they make any mistakes. No one wants to take any action that could harm their farmers," said a trader who asked not to be named.

--

International Herald Tribune
April 4, 2008

Thailand, the world's largest rice exporter, has no plans to restrict exports of the grain, the country's finance minister said Friday.

"We don't want to abuse or to artificially influence the market," Surapong Suebwonglee said on the sidelines of a conference of Southeast Asian finance ministers in Vietnam. "For the rice market in Thailand we try to follow (the rules of) supply and demand."

There has been speculation in rice markets that Thailand — like neighbors Cambodia and Vietnam — would act to boost its domestic supply of rice. Rice prices on world markets have jumped 50 percent in the past two months and at least doubled since 2004. Experts blame rising fuel and fertilizer expenses as well as crops curtailed by disease, pests and climate change.

There are concerns prices could rise a further 40 percent in coming months. Vietnam said at the end of March that it will cut rice exports by 1 million tons this year as part of the government's efforts to rein in soaring inflation and ensure food security. Cambodia ordered a ban on exports to curb rising prices in its domestic market.

Surapong's comments echo a recent statement by the Thai Commerce Minister that Thailand won't ban rice exports.

--

The Nation
April 19, 2008

"Now, hom mali is the world's most expensive rice. We just sold it at a new record of over US$1,300 per tonne to customers in Hong Kong for May delivery. Singapore, Malaysia and China are also our major customers.

"Looking back some 45 years, a tonne of hom mali rice was just over US$100. Today, we've seen record prices of not only rice, but also crude oil [$120 per barrel], gold [$1,000 per ounce] and other commodities," said Chookiat.

"We're now in the fourth straight month of price upsurge, meaning that prices for all kinds of rice have more than doubled - from $360 to $860 per tonne for white rice and from $620 to $1,300 for fragrant jasmine rice.

--

Bloomberg
April 18, 2008

An average household in India spent 32 percent of its income on food last year compared with 6 percent for a household in the U.S., data from the department show. The figure for Indonesia was 43 percent, and 36 percent for the Philippines.

"Poorer countries tend to suffer more than developed countries," HSBC's Neumann said. "It is the poor who shoulder the biggest burden."

--

Bangkok Post : General news
http://www.bangkokpost.com/News/12Apr2008_news22.php

... According to the Meteorological Department, Thailand's annual mean maximum temperature has increased from 32.3C (90.14F) in the 1950s to 32.9C (91.22F) last year.

The department has forecast that during the Songkran week, between April 9-15, the highest recorded temperature will be 39C (102.2F).

The figure is considered moderate for many of us as we have experienced the 40-plus (104-plus F) degree heat several times in the past.

According to the department's records, Thailand's hottest day in the past 55 years stood at 44.5C (112.1F), which was measured on April 27, 1960 in Uttaradit province.

In the old days, people would bathe in the rivers or just relax at tai toon baan, an open space under a Thai-style house. But the most popular way for people to shield themselves from the heat these days is to go to shopping malls or simply turn on the air-conditioners at home.

Various other means also are being used to fight the heat.

If you walk along the banks of the Chao Phraya river or some of the cleaner klongs, you will find that children are still jumping into the waterways to escape from the scorching sun.

Many people may find the hot season an undesirable period, but instead of just complaining about the heat, we should use this torrid moment to think about our lifestyles — how we can adapt ourselves to the hotter weather in an environmentally-friendly manner like our ancestors have done and how we can help stop the world's temperatures from soaring.

BBC NEWS | South Asia | Asian states feel rice pinch
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7324596.stm

Asian states feel rice pinch

Friday, 11 April 2008

Asian countries have been struggling to cope as the cost of rice has reached record levels.

The price of the staple crop has risen by as much as 70% during the last year, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), with increases accelerating in recent weeks.

Shortages have begun to hit some importing countries.

Factors contributing to the price rise include:

        • Poor harvests resulting from extreme weather

        • A rise in demand in some rice-importing countries,
           where populations and incomes are growing

        • The expectation of further price increases - resulting in hoarding

        • Low stockpiles and a long term lack of agricultural investment

The spike is also part of a general surge in food costs worldwide, so the option of switching to cheaper foods is often not available.

Producers including India, China and Vietnam have restricted exports as they try to protect their stocks and limit inflation.

Importers such as Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Afghanistan have been hit hard.

Prices are expected to remain volatile, though output is likely to grow later this year as farmers in Thailand and Vietnam plant additional crops.


INDIA

India is the second largest rice grower in the world behind China. With rice the staple food for 65% of the country's one billion plus people, much is consumed domestically.

But prices have been soaring - a shopkeeper in Delhi told the BBC that the cost of one variety had increased from 12 rupees (29 US cents) per kilogram to 16 rupees (39 cents) in the last two months.

Rice prices in the capital rose by 20% last year.

The government has announced a total ban on exports of non-basmati rice, in a bit to curb rising food prices, which have helped push inflation to a 13-month high.

The price for basmati rice, meanwhile, has been raised to $1,200 per tonne to discourage exports.

Officials say as yet there is no crisis - India has more than enough reserves to feed its population.

They also say India will honour its commitments to export rice to neighbouring Bangladesh.

But the International Rice Research Institute says that the sustainability of rice farming in India and beyond is threatened by overuse of fertilisers and soil health.

Stocks have come down over the last three years as agricultural growth has failed to match the rest of the economy.

And because of the low purchasing power of India's poor, even a small increase in prices can cause a sharp fall in real incomes.


BANGLADESH

Spiralling rice prices have left the people of Bangladesh facing their worst food shortages since the major famine of 1974.

Over the last year, prices have nearly doubled to about 35 taka (50 cents), while there has been no corresponding increase in wages.

Hundreds of poor families are now surviving on one meal a day, and spending 70-80% of their budget on food. The problem is most acute in urban areas where aid agencies say they are very concerned about infant malnourishment.

Local factors have contributed to the price rise. Bangladesh has been hit by severe flooding twice in the last year and a devastating cyclone in November.

The government is giving rice away to 2.6 million people and supplying some families at discounted prices.

It has had to import four million tonnes of rice from India over the last six months - more than double the usual amount.

But the government's critics say it has made matters worse with an anti-corruption drive that has led to the closure of many unofficial rice supply outlets closed down.


PHILIPPINES

Once self-sufficient in rice, the Philippines is listed by the US Department of Agriculture as the world's top importer of milled rice for 2007, ahead of Nigeria, Indonesia and Bangladesh.

Over the past 20 years or so, the country lost nearly half of its irrigated land to rapid urban development.

Domestic demand has risen as the population has grown, pushing up prices.

With rice stocks low, the government has been negotiating with neighbouring countries to secure imports, signing a deal with Vietnam and working for another one with Thailand.

Fears of public unrest have been growing. Communist guerrillas recently burnt a rice trader's vehicles in the central island of Panay.

President Gloria Arroyo has asked authorities to crack down on hoarders. Officials have said they could be charged with economic sabotage - a crime that carries a life sentence.

There have also been efforts to reduce consumption. Some of the country's fast-food chains are offering half portions of rice at the government's request. The government has also asked the public to save leftover rice.

Troops have been called in to protect deliveries of rice to poor areas, while farmers have reportedly begun guarding their crops.

Some government critics say it has not done enough, and members of the influential May First Labour Movement have been holding small-scale demonstrations in various parts of the country.

But others say the Ms Arroyo has overreacted, creating unnecessary panic.


THAILAND

Thailand has long been the world's largest exporter of rice, well ahead of Vietnam and the US.

It has not yet placed any restrictions on exports, and has denied reports that it is considering taking this step.

However, some rice millers and traders who deal on forward contracts have been suffering, after being caught out by price fluctuations.

Exporters have even complained that they would prefer to have stable prices than high prices.

Some millers have hoarded rice in an attempt to earn higher profits later on, pushing prices higher still as they restrict supply.

The government has released some of its 2.1 million tonnes of stockpiled rice in an attempt to contain inflation.

It has also said it will enforce a rule that exporters set aside at least 500 tonnes of rice to prevent shortages.

Rice prices increased by more than 50% last year and have doubled since the beginning of 2008.

While in some countries rice consumption has risen with prosperity, Thais have been eating a greater variety of foods and less rice as they have become wealthier.


CHINA

Chinese consumers have been have been eating less rice as their income has risen, according to the FAO.

Instead, they have been switching to meat and dairy products.

But the government, highly conscious of social or political tensions caused by food inflation, has moved to protect consumers by restricting exports.

Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao said this week that China has an "abundant" supply of rice to feed its population of more than 1.3 billion.

China had stockpiled about 40-50 million tonnes of rice, he said.

Though China is not one of the top rice exporters, export restrictions can have a big impact on importers including North Korea, which buys rice from China at very low prices as it tries to cope with frequent food shortages.

Though short term supplies are secured, there are concerns that urbanisation and industrial development are putting pressure on farming.


JAPAN

Rice is thought to have been produced for more than 2,500 years in Japan, where it was once seen as so important that it was worshipped as a god.

Instead of importing rice, Japan heavily subsidises its rice farmers, paying them as much as four times the market price and restricting imports.

This policy is defended by a farming community with considerable political weight, and many Japanese agree home-grown rice tastes best.

Food security is seen as politically important and the country keeps a large stockpile of rice - even though it is probably wealthy enough to buy on the international market even if prices continue to rise.

Its scientists are already looking for varieties that will be resistant to higher temperatures caused by climate change.

Japan trades relatively small quantities and has little impact on the international market.

BBC SPECIAL REPORT - Food price crisis

Who says we never had Bhikkhuni clergy?
http://www.bangkokpost.com/blogs/index.php/2008/04/10/who-says-we-never-had-bhikkhuni-clergy?blog=64

Thursday, April 10, 2008

Who says we never had Bhikkhuni clergy?

Posted by Sanitsuda Ekachai , Reader : 677 , 05:30:17

Like most Thais, I believed that there have never been female monks, or Bhikkhuni, in Thailand. How I was wrong!

The person who opened my eyes was Ayya Tathaaloka Bhikkhuni, a Buddhist teacher and abbess of the Dhammadharini Vihara, a temple for female monastics in Fremont, California.

As a scholar on Bhikkhuni history and Vinaya, Ayya Tathaaloka Bhikkhuni has done an extensive research on female ordination in Southeast Asia. So when I wrote in one of my articles that Thailand, unlike Sri Lanka, had never had a Bhikkhuni clergy, she kindly emailed me to tell a different story.

Contrary to mainstream belief, there is much evidence about the Bhikkhuni clergy in old Siam and nearby countries from the 3rd century BC up to modern times, she said.

The oldest document, dating back to the Ashokan period, states that a mission led by Arahanta Theras Sona and Uttara travelled to Suvarnabhumi where they ordained "3,500 men and 1,500 women, establishing the Buddhadhamma".

This important historical journey is recorded in the Pali texts as well as in the ancient Sri Lankan chronicles, which were later translated into Chinese.

The Chinese version, in particular, specifies that the 3,500 noblemen were ordained as Bhikkhu and the 1,500 noblewomen as Bhikkhuni.

Closer to home, this historical Buddhist mission also appears in the old records of Nakhon Si Thammarat, believed by many to be the entry point of Buddhism into our region.

This is exciting information. Powerful information.

You see, the clergy's main argument against female ordination is that we never had Bhikkhuni in Thailand. They also argue that since the Theravada Bhikkhuni lineage has been long extinct, it is impossible to have Bhikkhuni in the Thai Theravada clergy.

No need asking the clergy to ordain women. They insist that a legitimate female ordination, according to the monastic discipline, must be performed both by monks and Bhikkhuni.

The clergy's arguments, however, crumble with historical evidence of the Ashokan Buddhist mission. They not only show that we used to have Bhikkhuni, they also confirm that dual ordination is not necessary where Bhikkhuni does not exist, that monks alone can ordain women to set up the Bhikkhuni clergy.

There's more. There are later ancient texts that make reference  to the existence of  Bhikkhuni in the Lanna and Sukhothai kingdoms. For example, there are old records in Lanna literature about two Bhikkhuni believed to be local women. There are also Sukhothai period evidence of Bhikkhuni who were ordained by monks alone, she said.

The Bhikkhuni Sangha in old Siam came to a halt when the Ayutthaya kingdom rose to power. "The previous Bhikkhu and Bhikkhuni Sangha was made to cease to exist for political reasons and a new Bhikkhu Sangha was founded with royal support," said Ayya Tathaaloka Bhikkhuni.

Her message: Don't say Thailand never had a Bhikkhuni clergy. To be precise, say Thailand has never had a Bhikkhuni Sangha, with dual ordination, established and supported by the monarchy, since the founding of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya.

Now we know.

If facts cannot dismantle the prejudice against female ordination, what can?

Read comment

Comment 1
BENG LOW date : 18/04/2008 time : 03:28

Hi Sanitsuda

Excellent!

If Buddhism cannot rise above historical precedent to meet the needs of society, then it will sooner or later fall prey to the truth of impermanence.

beng

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Ayya Tathaaloka Bhikkhuni
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Bangkok Post
http://www.bangkokpost.com/News/30Mar2008_news01.php

Rice Prices Soaring
but farmers find little to smile about

Piyaporn Wongruang

Golden stems of rice growing across paddies in the country's rice bowl are supposed to make the field's owners smile with pride. But the smiles have been wiped off the faces of farmers in the central region of Thailand due to fears that thieves might sneak into their fields at night and steal their precious assets. Since the middle of the month, rumours that rice has been stolen around the area spread across the fields in provinces from Lop Buri to Sing Buri and Ang Thong, where farmers like Sunthorn Pumkanklao, Bamrung Rodruedee and Somnuek Meechana have lived and grown rice for more than 20 years. The rumours have yet to be confirmed, but the talk already has farmers living in fear and has prompted them to stay out at night to keep an eye out for anything suspicious near their rice fields. They have to protect their rice crops at all costs.

"I'm so scared now that thieves will steal my rice. If they really do that, it is like they are killing me because everything in my life - my money, my efforts and my hopes - have been put into it," said Mr Somnuek, who grows rice on about 80 rai of land. It is almost fully blossomed now and about to be harvested. Mr Sunthorn said the farmers in his area are not allowed to carry sharp weapons unless they are authorised to by village headmen. As a result, the best they can carry is sticks and mobile phones.

"I'm not really sure that if I really encountered thieves I would be able to press the button. They would not come alone, for sure," he said. He also accompanies his neighbours like Mr Somnuek and Mr Bamrung to take care of their rice crops, which have been left to grow in the fields. A few days ago Mr Somnuek and his wife received a phone call from their daughter in Bangkok, who heard the news about thieves being rampant in the rice fields. She urged her mother to accompany her father at night. As a result, the couple stay awake and stay in the dark in their rice fields together.

The rumours are about as unprecedented as the soaring price of rice in the markets. According to recent records of the Agricultural Economics Office under the Agriculture and Cooperatives Ministry, the local price of the best rice, Hom Dok Mali, rose from about 9,600 baht a tonne in December last year to 10,067 baht in January. The price of raw rice, which farmers usually immediately sell to traders, has also skyrocketed from 6,900 baht in January to between 9,000 and 10,500 baht in several local rice trading areas.

The soaring prices have significant implications for the country as well as for farmers. For more than 20 years Thailand has been the world's number one rice exporter. Thailand has been able to generate income from selling rice abroad of up to 80 billion to 100 billion baht a year, according to the Thai Rice Strategy from 2007 to 2011 report, produced under the supervision of the National Rice Policy Board, by the Rice Department, last year.

Last year, Thailand was able to export 9.20 million tonnes of rice, bringing in income worth about 119 billion baht. Increasing demand and the price of rice in the market therefore contributes further to the country's income, and farmer incomes. The increasing price of rice results from increasing global demand due to a shortage of supplies in some regions, including the Philippines, Vietnam and Bangladesh and new demands from other countries such as Japan.

The increased demand and the price of rice in the market is a golden opportunity that Thai farmers must take advantage of. Mr Sunthorn said he has never seen such a high price for rice before. It is the first time he can also see profits after deducing production costs, he said. At one rice trading spot in Ang Thong, Sali Ngernpan, 68, rides on a rice truck to sell her rice which was harvested from a five-rai farm in Viset Chaichan district. The rice trader gave her 10,350 baht a tonne for her rice. After deducting the weight of the truck, she gets only about 34,000 baht.

"Grandma" Sali looks at the money, smiling. "Money? I will pay back my debts. I owe about 30,000 baht," she said, echoing Mr Sunthorn's remark that being a farmer is not easy. Very few understand the high price farmers pay for living their lives in paddy fields.

Almost all the farmers here in the central provinces have a narrow chance of seeing some profits from their investments. Besides not being able to determine the price of rice in the market, they have to shoulder the heavy production costs. Some farmers even start their seasons with heavy debts. Mr Sunthorn said a lot of farmers do not own land. They have to pay rent, which is likely to rise along with the rising price of rice. As well as rent for the farmland, they have to pay for seeds, fertiliser, pesticide, farm labour and transport to move their rice to the trading areas.

Most farmers believe all these rising costs are due to the soaring price of oil. Their production costs soon pile up and become part of the farmers' debts once the price of rice falls below these costs, or the farmers' rice is destroyed by natural disasters like floods and drought. According to the Thai Farmers Association, farmers now shoulder rice production costs for both rain-fed crops and off-seasonal crops of between 5,000 to 6,000 baht. These are likely to increase. The price of a pack of fertiliser has also risen, from about 500 baht to 1,000 baht at the moment, said Vichian Phuanglamjiak, a co-founder of the association.

The Agricultural Economics Office records show that with such investment costs, farmers will earn a narrow profit margin of about 340 baht per rai for rain-fed crops and 970 baht per rai for off-season crops. Mr Vichian said now farmers cannot earn anything if they cannot produce up to 600 kilogrammes of rice per rai. One rai of farmland will normally yield at best 1,000 kilogrammes of rice in a good year. Mr Vichian said the unstable rice price and high production costs have long been a concern for farmers, but these problems have never been properly addressed or solved by any governments. [1 rai = 1600 sq. meters or 0.395 acre]

He said he is now very worried that if farmers rush to grow rice following the soaring prices, they will later be hard pressed by rice traders and offered low prices for their rice. Some farmers are now rushing to grow a second crop, despite limited water supplies from the Royal Irrigation Department, which has to share water with other sectors.

Bangkok Post : General news
http://www.bangkokpost.com/News/28Mar2008_news01.php

Thailand braces for rice crisis
Soaring exports may cause local shortage


BANGKOK POST and AGENCIES


Thailand, the world's largest rice exporter, could face a shortage of rice after skyrocketing prices have encouraged traders to substantially increase their export volumes, Prasert Kosalwit, the director-general of the Rice Department, said yesterday.

Concerns over shortages could lead to the introduction of measures to control the amount of rice exported in the second half of this year if the price continues to increase. The measures have been floated by Deputy Commerce Minister Wiroon Techapaiboon.

Fears of a shortage come against a backdrop of signs of rice shortages in some countries, including the Philippines and neighbouring Cambodia.

The Cambodian government yesterday appealed for people to remain calm and not to stock up on food commodities after the government banned rice exports on Wednesday.

The Philippines rushed to sign a purchase agreement with Vietnam for 1.5 million tonnes of rice this year to alleviate an expected shortage in coming months. The agreement came one day after the government announced the country was facing a serious rice supply crisis.

India has banned the export of rice to other countries, while China and Vietnam have already reduced export volumes.

''A rice shortage in the local market is very likely,'' warned Mr Prasert.

His comment was supported by rice export volumes which were more than one million tonnes a month from October last year to February this year.

The stockpile under the supervision of the Commerce Ministry is 2.1 million tonnes. That could ease domestic rice shortages for about three months, said Mr Prasert.

In case the rice stocks are used up and the rice shortage gets worse, the Rice Department will encourage farmers to grow a mixed breed paddy with a high average yield per rai of 1,200kg. The growing period for the mixed breed paddy is only 110 days.

Rice Exporters Association president Chookiat Ophaswongse admitted that the rice price and global demand would rise further from the second quarter of this year.

This is because Iran and Indonesia, which are regular customers, have not yet placed their orders for this year, he said. The two countries are expected to do so in the middle of this year.

Iran is likely to order at least one million tonnes and Indonesia more than 1.5 million tonnes. This has prompted rice millers and farmers to hoard rice for future speculation as well, said Mr Chookiat.

But Mr Chookiat said he is confident the government rice stockpile of 2.1 million tonnes would be enough to prevent a rice shortage for three to four months until paddy from the new season is harvested.

He said the main shortage would come from the race to export rice to other countries.

Thailand could face problems only when it exports more than nine million tonnes a year, he said. Over the past five months, the country sold more than one million tonnes a month to other countries. If this export volume continues, a shortage is possible, he added.

Mr Chookiat supported measures to stamp out excessive exports, suggesting that the government prepare to put in place a minimum export price system, which has been in use in India.

''If the rising rice price continues, the measure may be needed in the second half of this year,'' he said.

Under the measure, the government requires exporters to sell rice at determined prices which are higher than the market price to slow exports.

Bangkok Post : General news
http://www.bangkokpost.com/News/17Mar2008_news25.php

Farmers feel pinch from drought

Farmers in the North and Northeast are beginning to feel the pinch from this year's drought, which has already ravaged tens of thousands of rai of farmland.

A looming crisis prompted Deputy Interior Minister Sitthichai Kowsurat to inspect affected areas in Ubon Ratchathani, Si Sa Ket and Amnat Charoen provinces yesterday.

Ubon Ratchathani's deputy provincial governor Pramote Sajjarak told the deputy minister that almost 1,400 villages in the province were facing water shortages and that the water level in rivers and natural water sources was alarmingly low.

However, water levels in the Chi river, a major source of water for the Northeast, was still at a normal level for this time of year, he said.

Mr Sitthichai instructed provincial governors to set up drought-relief centres in every province and make sure that each province's 50-million-baht emergency fund was spent appropriately to help drought-affected people.

Eleven out of 17 districts in Surin have been declared disaster areas. The water crisis has reportedly affected 20,000 households and destroyed crops across over 4,500 rai of farmland, causing around 1.8 million baht in damage.

The province's famous "elephant village" in Tha Tum district has also been badly hit by the drought, raising concerns over the health of animals.

In Uttaradit province four districts have been declared disaster zones where some 30,000 rai of agricultural land has already been damaged.

Apiwat Kunarak, chief of the northern region environmental protection office, said northern residents would not only be hit by water shortages, but also possible forest fires and air pollution.

Widespread forest fires would increase the level of small dust particles in the air that could be harmful to residents.

"It is important that locals avoid slash-and-burn cultivation and other burning activities," he said.

The Meteorological Department, however, predicted that this year's drought will not be as serious as last year.

The dry season is expected to end in the first week of May when farmers and villagers hope the rain will return.